Combined Effect of Brick Surface Roughness and Lattice Setting Density on Brick Firing in Tunnel Kilns

This paper investigates the combined effect of kiln or brick surface roughness and lattice setting density on fluid flow heat transfer characteristics in tunnel kilns. The uniformity, pressure drop, convective coefficient (CHTC), pumping power are studied. A high-density (HDS), which comprises 768 bricks, a low-density (LDS), 512 tested for boundaries levels 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 mm. investigation is conducted using 3D-CFD model with k-ω turbulence model. changes from 0 to mm either walls bricks while fixing other. results show that increasing increases drop both HDS LDS by about 13.5%. It also established CHTC value more than 23% all levels. Changing 10% 12%, respectively. Additionally, total rate-to-pumping ratio larger 17.4% smooth 23.1% 2 mm, i.e., provides greater advantage LDS. confirm rough loaded kilns attains better quality, higher rate, lower HDS.